By Han Liqun, People’s Daily
In Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China and the world’s second largest shifting sand desert located in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, lies a 522-kilometer highway.
The Tarim Desert Highway was completed in September 1995. It starts from Minfeng county in the middle of the southern edge of the Tarim Basin, and reduces the distance between the county and Urumqi, capital of Xinjiang by over 1,000 kilometers, serving as a powerful driver for the economic and social development of southern Xinjiang.
“Over 20 years has passed and the highway is still reliable,” a driver surnamed Zhang who often travelson the highway told People’s Daily.
The buffer strips along both sides of the highway are not onlypleasing to the eye, but also help preventdesertification and fix the sand, Zhang said, adding that the highway is of huge significance.
To build a highway on a shifting sand desert is never an easy task.
Back in March 1990, a scientific exploration team of 32 experts in desert, hydrological and engineering studies arrived in the desert for route selection.
They arrived at a season when the Taklimakan Desert was swept by strong winds. The sands blown up in the air slapped on their faces and arms, and even into their eyes, mouths, ears and noses. After traveling 3,800 survey points and analyzing 110 sand and soil samples, they finally completed the route selection and scientific exploration.
In October 1991, the engineering studies of the highway wasofficially listed as a key national programs for science and technology development for the 1991-1995 period.It achieved many breakthroughs that filled the blanks in desert highway engineering and resource and environment studies.
Highway maintenance is an even harder task, especially in the Taklimakan Desert.
“The road is often buried by sands when the wind comes, so how to fix the sand is a challenge,” said Xu Xinwen, a researcher at the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as the director of the National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction.
To achieve long-term protection and sound operation of the highway, experts boldly proposed to build a shelter forest along the desert highway. Xu participated in the forest construction all along.
In 1994, a pilot experiment on building shelter forest was carried out by scientists and technicians, who successfullyfound a way to plant and irrigate trees with the highly mineralized underground water.
They completed a 6.3-kilometertrial project for desertification preventionfive years later and then built a 30.8-kilometer ecological demonstration shelter forest in 2001.
A total of 88 plant species out of the 173 in northwest China that are drought-enduring and resist salt and alkali were selected and planted by scientists in an experimental zone over the past 10 years.
The construction of theshelter forest commenced in 2003with a total investment of 220 million yuan, and was completed two years later. It stretches 436 kilometers along the highway with a width ranging from 72 to 78 meters.
A total of 114 wells have been drilled along the forest belt, and 22,000 kilometers of water supply pipelines were laid. Over 80 percent of the 20,000 saplings planted survived.
With the water supply pipelines, the shelter forest project fully made use of the underground water and employed decentralized water supply and drip irrigation, Xu pointed out.The total annual water consumptionof the projectis no more than 6 million cubic meters, and the water consumption per hectare no more than 2,000 cubic meters.
Meanwhile the basic reserve of groundwater along the highway is 1.629 billion cubic meters, and the annual recharge around 90 million cubic meters.It means that the extraction of groundwater will not deteriorate the ecology of the desert, Xu explained.
With the construction of the shelter forest, the ecology there became diversified. More and more yarkand hares, a rabbit species specific to the region, are observed, and rats, foxes and eagles are also coming to the desert, Xu noted.
The highway improved the living environment and facilitated transportation for local people, and the buffer strips along the highway also set a green wall against desertification. The highway is making the vast sea of sands less desolate.
